As president of the Royal Society he appointed a committee to investigate the controversy, wrote the committee's report himself and reviewed it anonymously in the Philosophical Transactions. He wrote texts in his defence and published them under the names of his students. The controversy that sprang from the question of priority showed Newton breaking the norms of science on more than one occasion. But Leibniz had developed the method of calculus independently in Germany and had published it in 1684, before Newton had developed it from his own work. His response was always beyond the normal, full of innuendo and rage, trying to humiliate and destroy.įor some time this could be seen as a personal shortcoming that did not affect Newton's position as a scientist. His letters show him as a man unable to tolerate the slightest criticism. Newton had extensive correspondence with other scientists. The French Académie des Sciences (Academy of Sciences) made him a foreign associate in 1701, and in 1703 Newton became president of the Royal Society in London. He concentrated on bringing counterfeiters to justice and developed an interest in religion. In 1696 Newton was appointed warden of the mint and moved to London in 1701, ending his scientific work. His work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), published in 1687, is one of the most important works of modern science. Newton combined his laws with Kepler's third law and in 1684 arrived at the Universal Law of Gravitation and used it to correctly explain phenomena such as the orbits of comets, ocean tides and others. To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.The acceleration experienced by the body, multiplied by its mass, is proportional to the force impressed on it and.A body remains in its state of rest unless it is compelled to change that state by a force impressed on it.Expressed in modern terms the three laws are This allowed him to make the most groundbreaking discoveries now known as Newton's Laws. In about 1679 Newton had changed his perception of nature, which to that point was based on the idea of an ether as transmitter of all action, and accepted the idea of attractive and repulsive forces. Through experiment he showed that white light is composed of all colours. During the following years he developed a theory of light based on Descartes' proposition that light is motion transmitted through a medium. In 1669 he became Professor of Mathematics. The university reopened in 1667, and Newton was elected a Fellow of Trinity College. He discovered the binomial theorem and developed the mathematical method of converging infinite series that formes the basis of calculus, which he published in 1669 as De Analysi per Aequationes Numeri Terminorum Infinitas (On Analysis by Infinite Series). The university closed in 1665 because of a plague epidemic, and Newton returned home to contemplate what he had read. His notes showed the subtitle Amicus Plato amicus Aristoteles magis amica veritas "Plato is my friend, Aristotle is my friend, my best friend is thruth"). He had read Descartes' La Geéometrie and followed up every lead. When Newton received his batchelor's degree in 1665 he had learned everything about the new sciences, but it was all entirely self-taught in his spare time. In 1661 Newton entered Trinity College of Cambridge University, which was still the bastion of Aristotelian teaching students discussed Kepler's proposition that the Earth was not the centre of the universe but revolves around the Sun and Galilei's idea that mathematics can be a powerful tool for the study of nature in the corridors but did hear nothing about them in class. This difficult childhood has been taken as an explanation for Newton's volatile and psychotic character. Less than two years later his mother Hannah Ayscough remarried and consented to her new husband's wish to send Isaac to his grandmother, where he lived for the next nine years. Newton's father Isaac died three months before young Isaac was born. 4 January 1643 (25 December 1642 *) (Woolsthorpe, England), d. Science, civilization and society (Sir) Isaac Newton
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